訪客模式

Java 中的典型訪客示例是：

interface ShapeVisitor {
    void visit(Circle c);
    void visit(Rectangle r);
}

interface Shape {
    void accept(ShapeVisitor sv);
}

class Circle implements Shape {
    private Point center;
    private double radius;

    public Circle(Point center, double radius) {
        this.center = center;
        this.radius = radius;
    }

    public Point getCenter() { return center; }
    public double getRadius() { return radius; }

    @Override
    public void accept(ShapeVisitor sv) {
        sv.visit(this);
    }
}

class Rectangle implements Shape {
    private Point lowerLeftCorner;
    private Point upperRightCorner;

    public Rectangle(Point lowerLeftCorner, Point upperRightCorner) {
        this.lowerLeftCorner = lowerLeftCorner;
        this.upperRightCorner = upperRightCorner;
    }

    public double length() { ... }
    public double width() { ... }

    @Override
    public void accept(ShapeVisitor sv) {
        sv.visit(this);
    }
}

class AreaCalculator implements ShapeVisitor {
    private double area = 0.0;

    public double getArea() { return area; }

    public void visit(Circle c) {
        area = Math.PI * c.radius() * c.radius();
    }

    public void visit(Rectangle r) {
         area = r.length() * r.width();
    }
}

double computeArea(Shape s) {
    AreaCalculator ac = new AreaCalculator();
    s.accept(ac);
    return ac.getArea();
}

這可以通過兩種方式輕鬆轉換為 Rust。

第一種方法使用執行時多型性：

trait ShapeVisitor {
    fn visit_circle(&mut self, c: &Circle);
    fn visit_rectangle(&mut self, r: &Rectangle);
}

trait Shape {
    fn accept(&self, sv: &mut ShapeVisitor);
}

struct Circle {
    center: Point,
    radius: f64,
}

struct Rectangle {
    lowerLeftCorner: Point,
    upperRightCorner: Point,
}

impl Shape for Circle {
    fn accept(&self, sv: &mut ShapeVisitor) {
        sv.visit_circle(self);
    }
}

impl Rectangle {
    fn length() -> double { ... }
    fn width() -> double { ... }
}

impl Shape for Rectangle {
    fn accept(&self, sv: &mut ShapeVisitor) {
        sv.visit_rectangle(self);
    }
}

fn computeArea(s: &Shape) -> f64 {
    struct AreaCalculator {
        area: f64,
    }

    impl ShapeVisitor for AreaCalculator {
        fn visit_circle(&mut self, c: &Circle) {
            self.area = std::f64::consts::PI * c.radius * c.radius;
        }
        fn visit_rectangle(&mut self, r: &Rectangle) {
            self.area = r.length() * r.width();
        }
    }
    
    let mut ac = AreaCalculator { area: 0.0 };
    s.accept(&mut ac);
    ac.area
}

第二種方式使用編譯時多型，只顯示差異：

trait Shape {
    fn accept<V: ShapeVisitor>(&self, sv: &mut V);
}

impl Shape for Circle {
    fn accept<V: ShapeVisitor>(&self, sv: &mut V) {
        // same body
    }
}

impl Shape for Rectangle {
    fn accept<V: ShapeVisitor>(&self, sv: &mut V) {
        // same body
    }
}

fn computeArea<S: Shape>(s: &S) -> f64 {
    // same body
}