Lambda 表示式

# lambda using the arrow syntax
hello_world = -> { 'Hello World!' }
hello_world[]
# 'Hello World!'

# lambda using the arrow syntax accepting 1 argument
hello_world = ->(name) { "Hello #{name}!" }
hello_world['Sven']
# "Hello Sven!"

the_thing = lambda do |magic, ohai, dere|
  puts "magic! #{magic}"
  puts "ohai #{dere}"
  puts "#{ohai} means hello"
end

the_thing.call(1, 2, 3)
# magic! 1
# ohai 3
# 2 means hello

the_thing.call(1, 2)
# ArgumentError: wrong number of arguments (2 for 3)

the_thing[1, 2, 3, 4]
# ArgumentError: wrong number of arguments (4 for 3)

你也可以使用 -> 建立和 .() 來呼叫 lambda

the_thing = ->(magic, ohai, dere) {
  puts "magic! #{magic}"
  puts "ohai #{dere}"
  puts "#{ohai} means hello"
}

the_thing.(1, 2, 3)
# => magic! 1
# => ohai 3
# => 2 means hello

在這裡你可以看到 lambda 與 proc 幾乎相同。但是，有幾點需要注意：

• lambda 的論證的執行是強制執行的; 將錯誤數量的引數傳遞給 lambda，會產生一個 ArgumentError。它們仍然可以有預設引數，splat 引數等。

• lambda 中的 returning 從 lambda 返回，而來自 proc 的 returning 從封閉範圍返回：

  def try_proc
    x = Proc.new {
      return # Return from try_proc
    }
    x.call
    puts "After x.call" # this line is never reached
  end
  
  def try_lambda
    y = -> {
      return # return from y
    }
    y.call
    puts "After y.call" # this line is not skipped
  end
  
  try_proc # No output
  try_lambda # Outputs "After y.call"