資料型別

向量

a <- c(1, 2, 3)
b <- c(4, 5, 6)
mean_ab <- (a + b) / 2

d <- c(1, 0, 1)
only_1_3 <- a[d == 1]

矩陣

mat <- matrix(c(1,2,3,4), nrow = 2, ncol = 2)
dimnames(mat) <- list(c(), c("a", "b", "c"))
mat[,] == mat

Dataframes

df <- data.frame(qualifiers = c("Buy", "Sell", "Sell"),
                symbols = c("AAPL", "MSFT", "GOOGL"),
                values = c(326.0, 598.3, 201.5))
df$symbols == df[[2]]
df$symbols == df[["symbols"]]
df[[2, 1]] == "AAPL"

清單

l <- list(a = 500, "aaa", 98.2)
length(l)       == 3
class(l[1])     == "list"
class(l[[1]])   == "numeric"
class(l$a)      == "numeric"

環境

env <- new.env()
env[["foo"]] = "bar"
env2 <- env
env2[["foo"]] = "BAR"

env[["foo"]] == "BAR"
get("foo", envir = env) == "BAR"
rm("foo", envir = env)
env[["foo"]] == NULL