模式匹配
Haskell 在函式定義和 case
語句中都支援模式匹配表示式。
case 語句很像其他語言中的 switch,除了它支援所有 Haskell 的型別。
讓我們開始簡單:
longName::String -> String
longName name = case name of
"Alex" -> "Alexander"
"Jenny" -> "Jennifer"
_ -> "Unknown" -- the "default" case, if you like
或者,我們可以將函式定義為一個模式匹配的方程式,只需不使用 case
語句:
longName "Alex" = "Alexander"
longName "Jenny" = "Jennifer"
longName _ = "Unknown"
一個更常見的例子是 Maybe
型別:
data Person = Person { name::String, petName :: (Maybe String) }
hasPet::Person -> Bool
hasPet (Person _ Nothing) = False
hasPet _ = True -- Maybe can only take `Just a` or `Nothing`, so this wildcard suffices
模式匹配也可用於列表:
isEmptyList :: [a] -> Bool
isEmptyList [] = True
isEmptyList _ = False
addFirstTwoItems :: [Int] -> [Int]
addFirstTwoItems [] = []
addFirstTwoItems (x:[]) = [x]
addFirstTwoItems (x:y:ys) = (x + y) : ys
實際上,Pattern Matching 可以用於任何型別類的任何建構函式。例如,列表的建構函式是:
和元組 ,