多型性與協議

讓我們實現一個將 Kelvin 和 Fahrenheit 溫度轉換為攝氏溫度的基本協議。

defmodule Kelvin do
  defstruct name: "Kelvin", symbol: "K", degree: 0 
end

defmodule Fahrenheit do
  defstruct name: "Fahrenheit", symbol: "°F", degree: 0
end

defmodule Celsius do
  defstruct name: "Celsius", symbol: "°C", degree: 0
end

defprotocol Temperature do
  @doc """
  Convert Kelvin and Fahrenheit to Celsius degree
  """
  def to_celsius(degree)
end

defimpl Temperature, for: Kelvin do
  @doc """
  Deduct 273.15
  """
  def to_celsius(kelvin) do
    celsius_degree = kelvin.degree - 273.15
    %Celsius{degree: celsius_degree}
  end
end

defimpl Temperature, for: Fahrenheit do
  @doc """
  Deduct 32, then multiply by 5, then divide by 9
  """
  def to_celsius(fahrenheit) do
    celsius_degree = (fahrenheit.degree - 32) * 5 / 9
    %Celsius{degree: celsius_degree}
  end
end

現在，我們為 Kelvin 和 Fahrenheit 型別實現了轉換器。讓我們進行一些轉換：

iex> fahrenheit = %Fahrenheit{degree: 45}
%Fahrenheit{degree: 45, name: "Fahrenheit", symbol: "°F"}
iex> celsius = Temperature.to_celsius(fahrenheit)
%Celsius{degree: 7.22, name: "Celsius", symbol: "°C"}
iex> kelvin = %Kelvin{degree: 300}
%Kelvin{degree: 300, name: "Kelvin", symbol: "K"}
iex> celsius = Temperature.to_celsius(kelvin)
%Celsius{degree: 26.85, name: "Celsius", symbol: "°C"}

讓我們嘗試轉換任何其他沒有 to_celsius 函式實現的資料型別：

iex> Temperature.to_celsius(%{degree: 12})
** (Protocol.UndefinedError) protocol Temperature not implemented for %{degree: 12}
    iex:11: Temperature.impl_for!/1
    iex:15: Temperature.to_celsius/1