从模式中提取引用

有时，必须能够仅使用引用从对象中提取值（即，不转移所有权）。

struct Token {
  pub id: u32
}

struct User {
  pub token: Option<Token>
}

fn main() {
    // Create a user with an arbitrary token
    let user = User { token: Some(Token { id: 3 }) };

    // Let's borrow user by getting a reference to it
    let user_ref = &user;

    // This match expression would not compile saying "cannot move out of borrowed
    // content" because user_ref is a borrowed value but token expects an owned value.
    match user_ref {
        &User { token } => println!("User token exists? {}", token.is_some())
    }

    // By adding 'ref' to our pattern we instruct the compiler to give us a reference
    // instead of an owned value.
    match user_ref {
        &User { ref token } => println!("User token exists? {}", token.is_some())
    }

    // We can also combine ref with destructuring
    match user_ref {
        // 'ref' will allow us to access the token inside of the Option by reference
        &User { token: Some(ref user_token) } => println!("Token value: {}", user_token.id ),
        &User { token: None } => println!("There was no token assigned to the user" )
    }

    // References can be mutable too, let's create another user to demonstrate this
    let mut other_user = User { token: Some(Token { id: 4 }) };

    // Take a mutable reference to the user
    let other_user_ref_mut = &mut other_user;

    match other_user_ref_mut {
        // 'ref mut' gets us a mutable reference allowing us to change the contained value directly.
        &mut User { token: Some(ref mut user_token) } => {
            user_token.id = 5;
            println!("New token value: {}", user_token.id )
        },
        &mut User { token: None } => println!("There was no token assigned to the user" )
    }
}

它会打印出来：

User token exists? true
Token value: 3
New token value: 5