原子与记忆排序

原子类型是无锁数据结构和其他并发类型的构建块。在访问/修改原子类型时，应指定表示内存屏障强度的内存排序。Rust 提供了 5 个内存排序原语： 轻松 （最弱）， Acquire （用于读取也称为加载）， Release （用于写入也称为存储）， AcqRel （相当于“Acquire-for-load 和 Release-for-store”;当两者都有用时参与单一操作，如比较和交换），以及 SeqCst （最强）。在下面的示例中，我们将演示轻松排序与获取和发布排序的不同之处。

use std::cell::UnsafeCell;
use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
use std::sync::{Arc, Barrier};
use std::thread;

struct UsizePair {
    atom: AtomicUsize,
    norm: UnsafeCell<usize>,
}

// UnsafeCell is not thread-safe. So manually mark our UsizePair to be Sync.
// (Effectively telling the compiler "I'll take care of it!")
unsafe impl Sync for UsizePair {}

static NTHREADS: usize = 8;
static NITERS: usize = 1000000;

fn main() {
    let upair = Arc::new(UsizePair::new(0));

    // Barrier is a counter-like synchronization structure (not to be confused
    // with a memory barrier). It blocks on a `wait` call until a fixed number
    // of `wait` calls are made from various threads (like waiting for all
    // players to get to the starting line before firing the starter pistol).
    let barrier = Arc::new(Barrier::new(NTHREADS + 1));

    let mut children = vec![];

    for _ in 0..NTHREADS {
        let upair = upair.clone();
        let barrier = barrier.clone();
        children.push(thread::spawn(move || {
            barrier.wait();

            let mut v = 0;
            while v < NITERS - 1 {
                // Read both members `atom` and `norm`, and check whether `atom`
                // contains a newer value than `norm`. See `UsizePair` impl for
                // details.
                let (atom, norm) = upair.get();
                if atom > norm {
                    // If `Acquire`-`Release` ordering is used in `get` and
                    // `set`, then this statement will never be reached.
                    println!("Reordered! {} > {}", atom, norm);
                }
                v = atom;
            }
        }));
    }

    barrier.wait();

    for v in 1..NITERS {
        // Update both members `atom` and `norm` to value `v`. See the impl for
        // details.
        upair.set(v);
    }

    for child in children {
        let _ = child.join();
    }
}

impl UsizePair {
    pub fn new(v: usize) -> UsizePair {
        UsizePair {
            atom: AtomicUsize::new(v),
            norm: UnsafeCell::new(v),
        }
    }

    pub fn get(&self) -> (usize, usize) {
        let atom = self.atom.load(Ordering::Relaxed); //Ordering::Acquire

        // If the above load operation is performed with `Acquire` ordering,
        // then all writes before the corresponding `Release` store is
        // guaranteed to be visible below.

        let norm = unsafe { *self.norm.get() };
        (atom, norm)
    }

    pub fn set(&self, v: usize) {
        unsafe { *self.norm.get() = v };

        // If the below store operation is performed with `Release` ordering,
        // then the write to `norm` above is guaranteed to be visible to all
        // threads that "loads `atom` with `Acquire` ordering and sees the same
        // value that was stored below". However, no guarantees are provided as
        // to when other readers will witness the below store, and consequently
        // the above write. On the other hand, there is also no guarantee that
        // these two values will be in sync for readers. Even if another thread
        // sees the same value that was stored below, it may actually see a
        // "later" value in `norm` than what was written above. That is, there
        // is no restriction on visibility into the future.

        self.atom.store(v, Ordering::Relaxed); //Ordering::Release
    }
}

注意：x86 架构具有强大的内存模型。这篇文章详细解释了它。另请查看 Wikipedia 页面以进行体系结构比较。