刮刮数据以构建 N-gram Word 云

以下示例利用 tm 文本挖掘包来从 Web 中挖掘和挖掘文本数据，以构建具有符号着色和排序的文字云。

require(RWeka)
require(tau)
require(tm)
require(tm.plugin.webmining)
require(wordcloud)

# Scrape Google Finance ---------------------------------------------------
googlefinance <- WebCorpus(GoogleFinanceSource("NASDAQ:LFVN"))
 
# Scrape Google News ------------------------------------------------------
lv.googlenews <- WebCorpus(GoogleNewsSource("LifeVantage"))
p.googlenews  <- WebCorpus(GoogleNewsSource("Protandim"))
ts.googlenews <- WebCorpus(GoogleNewsSource("TrueScience"))
 
# Scrape NYTimes ----------------------------------------------------------
lv.nytimes <- WebCorpus(NYTimesSource(query = "LifeVantage", appid = nytimes_appid))
p.nytimes  <- WebCorpus(NYTimesSource("Protandim", appid = nytimes_appid))
ts.nytimes <- WebCorpus(NYTimesSource("TrueScience", appid = nytimes_appid))
 
# Scrape Reuters ----------------------------------------------------------
lv.reutersnews <- WebCorpus(ReutersNewsSource("LifeVantage"))
p.reutersnews  <- WebCorpus(ReutersNewsSource("Protandim"))
ts.reutersnews <- WebCorpus(ReutersNewsSource("TrueScience"))
 
# Scrape Yahoo! Finance ---------------------------------------------------
lv.yahoofinance <- WebCorpus(YahooFinanceSource("LFVN"))
 
# Scrape Yahoo! News ------------------------------------------------------
lv.yahoonews <- WebCorpus(YahooNewsSource("LifeVantage"))
p.yahoonews  <- WebCorpus(YahooNewsSource("Protandim"))
ts.yahoonews <- WebCorpus(YahooNewsSource("TrueScience"))
 
# Scrape Yahoo! Inplay ----------------------------------------------------
lv.yahooinplay <- WebCorpus(YahooInplaySource("LifeVantage"))

# Text Mining the Results -------------------------------------------------
corpus <- c(googlefinance, lv.googlenews, p.googlenews, ts.googlenews, lv.yahoofinance, lv.yahoonews, p.yahoonews,
ts.yahoonews, lv.yahooinplay) #lv.nytimes, p.nytimes, ts.nytimes,lv.reutersnews, p.reutersnews, ts.reutersnews,
 
inspect(corpus)
wordlist <- c("lfvn", "lifevantage", "protandim", "truescience", "company", "fiscal", "nasdaq")
 
ds0.1g <- tm_map(corpus, content_transformer(tolower))
ds1.1g <- tm_map(ds0.1g, content_transformer(removeWords), wordlist)
ds1.1g <- tm_map(ds1.1g, content_transformer(removeWords), stopwords("english"))
ds2.1g <- tm_map(ds1.1g, stripWhitespace)
ds3.1g <- tm_map(ds2.1g, removePunctuation)
ds4.1g <- tm_map(ds3.1g, stemDocument)
 
tdm.1g <- TermDocumentMatrix(ds4.1g)
dtm.1g <- DocumentTermMatrix(ds4.1g)

findFreqTerms(tdm.1g, 40)
findFreqTerms(tdm.1g, 60)
findFreqTerms(tdm.1g, 80)
findFreqTerms(tdm.1g, 100)
 
findAssocs(dtm.1g, "skin", .75)
findAssocs(dtm.1g, "scienc", .5)
findAssocs(dtm.1g, "product", .75) 
 
tdm89.1g <- removeSparseTerms(tdm.1g, 0.89)
tdm9.1g  <- removeSparseTerms(tdm.1g, 0.9)
tdm91.1g <- removeSparseTerms(tdm.1g, 0.91)
tdm92.1g <- removeSparseTerms(tdm.1g, 0.92)
 
tdm2.1g <- tdm92.1g
 
# Creates a Boolean matrix (counts # docs w/terms, not raw # terms)
tdm3.1g <- inspect(tdm2.1g)
tdm3.1g[tdm3.1g>=1] <- 1 
 
# Transform into a term-term adjacency matrix
termMatrix.1gram <- tdm3.1g %*% t(tdm3.1g)
 
# inspect terms numbered 5 to 10
termMatrix.1gram[5:10,5:10]
termMatrix.1gram[1:10,1:10]
 
# Create a WordCloud to Visualize the Text Data ---------------------------
notsparse <- tdm2.1g
m = as.matrix(notsparse)
v = sort(rowSums(m),decreasing=TRUE)
d = data.frame(word = names(v),freq=v)
 
# Create the word cloud
pal = brewer.pal(9,"BuPu")
wordcloud(words = d$word,
          freq = d$freq,
          scale = c(3,.8),
          random.order = F,
          colors = pal)

请注意使用 random.order 和来自 RColorBrewer 的顺序托盘，它允许程序员通过为术语的顺序和着色分配含义来捕获云中的更多信息。

以上是 1 克的情况。

我们可以对 n-gram 词云做出重大突破，在这样做的过程中，我们将看到如何通过改变我们的 TDM 来使几乎任何文本挖掘分析足够灵活地处理 n-gram。

你在 R 中使用 n-gram 遇到的最初困难是 tm，这是最受欢迎的文本挖掘包，并不固有地支持 bi-gram 或 n-gram 的标记化。标记化是将单词，单词的一部分或单词组（或符号）表示为称为标记的单个数据元素的过程。

幸运的是，我们有一些黑客可以让我们继续使用 tm 和升级的标记器。实现这一目标的方法不止一种。我们可以使用 tau 的 textcnt() 函数编写自己的简单标记器：

tokenize_ngrams <- function(x, n=3) return(rownames(as.data.frame(unclass(textcnt(x,method="string",n=n)))))

或者我们可以在 tm 中调用 RWeka 的 tokenizer：

# BigramTokenize
BigramTokenizer <- function(x) NGramTokenizer(x, Weka_control(min = 2, max = 2))

从这一点开始，你可以像在 1 克的情况下那样进行：

# Create an n-gram Word Cloud ----------------------------------------------
tdm.ng <- TermDocumentMatrix(ds5.1g, control = list(tokenize = BigramTokenizer))
dtm.ng <- DocumentTermMatrix(ds5.1g, control = list(tokenize = BigramTokenizer))
 
# Try removing sparse terms at a few different levels
tdm89.ng <- removeSparseTerms(tdm.ng, 0.89)
tdm9.ng  <- removeSparseTerms(tdm.ng, 0.9)
tdm91.ng <- removeSparseTerms(tdm.ng, 0.91)
tdm92.ng <- removeSparseTerms(tdm.ng, 0.92)

notsparse <- tdm91.ng
m = as.matrix(notsparse)
v = sort(rowSums(m),decreasing=TRUE)
d = data.frame(word = names(v),freq=v)
 
# Create the word cloud
pal = brewer.pal(9,"BuPu")
wordcloud(words = d$word,
          freq = d$freq,
          scale = c(3,.8),
          random.order = F,
          colors = pal)

上面的例子是在 Hack-R 的数据科学博客的许可下复制的。其他评论可以在原始文章中找到。