原型模式（C）

class IPrototype  {
public:
    virtual ~IPrototype() = default;

    auto Clone() const { return std::unique_ptr<IPrototype>{DoClone()}; }
    auto Create() const { return std::unique_ptr<IPrototype>{DoCreate()}; }

private:
    virtual IPrototype* DoClone() const = 0;
    virtual IPrototype* DoCreate() const = 0;
};

class A : public IPrototype {
public:
    auto Clone() const { return std::unique_ptr<A>{DoClone()}; }
    auto Create() const { return std::unique_ptr<A>{DoCreate()}; }
private:
    // Use covariant return type :)
    A* DoClone() const override { return new A(*this); }
    A* DoCreate() const override { return new A; }
};

class B : public IPrototype {
public:
    auto Clone() const { return std::unique_ptr<B>{DoClone()}; }
    auto Create() const { return std::unique_ptr<B>{DoCreate()}; }
private:
    // Use covariant return type :)
    B* DoClone() const override { return new B(*this); }
    B* DoCreate() const override { return new B; }
};

class ChildA : public A {
public:
    auto Clone() const { return std::unique_ptr<ChildA>{DoClone()}; }
    auto Create() const { return std::unique_ptr<ChildA>{DoCreate()}; }

private:
    // Use covariant return type :)
    ChildA* DoClone() const override { return new ChildA(*this); }
    ChildA* DoCreate() const override { return new ChildA; }
};

这允许从基类指针构造派生类：

ChildA childA;
A& a = childA;
IPrototype& prototype = a;

// Each of the following will create a copy of `ChildA`:
std::unique_ptr<ChildA> clone1 = childA.Clone();
std::unique_ptr<A> clone2 = a.Clone();
std::unique_ptr<IPrototype> clone3 = prototype.Clone();

// Each of the following will create a new default instance `ChildA`:
std::unique_ptr<ChildA> instance1 = childA.Create();
std::unique_ptr<A> instance2 = a.Create();
std::unique_ptr<IPrototype> instance3 = prototype.Create();