使用 getline() 从文件中获取行

POSIX C 库定义了 getline() 函数。此函数分配一个缓冲区来保存行内容并返回新行，行中的字符数和缓冲区的大小。

从 example.txt 获取每一行的示例程序：

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>  

#define FILENAME "example.txt"

int main(void)
{
  /* Open the file for reading */
  char *line_buf = NULL;
  size_t line_buf_size = 0;
  int line_count = 0;
  ssize_t line_size;
  FILE *fp = fopen(FILENAME, "r");
  if (!fp)
  {
    fprintf(stderr, "Error opening file '%s'\n", FILENAME);
    return EXIT_FAILURE;
  }

  /* Get the first line of the file. */
  line_size = getline(&line_buf, &line_buf_size, fp);

  /* Loop through until we are done with the file. */
  while (line_size >= 0)
  {
    /* Increment our line count */
    line_count++;

    /* Show the line details */
    printf("line[%06d]: chars=%06zd, buf size=%06zu, contents: %s", line_count,
        line_size, line_buf_size, line_buf);

    /* Get the next line */
    line_size = getline(&line_buf, &line_buf_size, fp);
  }

  /* Free the allocated line buffer */
  free(line_buf);
  line_buf = NULL;

  /* Close the file now that we are done with it */
  fclose(fp);

  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

输入文件 example.txt

This is a file
  which has
multiple lines
    with various indentation,
blank lines

a really long line to show that getline() will reallocate the line buffer if the length of a line is too long to fit in the buffer it has been given,
  and punctuation at the end of the lines.

输出

line[000001]: chars=000015, buf size=000016, contents: This is a file
line[000002]: chars=000012, buf size=000016, contents:   which has
line[000003]: chars=000015, buf size=000016, contents: multiple lines
line[000004]: chars=000030, buf size=000032, contents:     with various indentation,
line[000005]: chars=000012, buf size=000032, contents: blank lines
line[000006]: chars=000001, buf size=000032, contents: 
line[000007]: chars=000001, buf size=000032, contents: 
line[000008]: chars=000001, buf size=000032, contents: 
line[000009]: chars=000150, buf size=000160, contents: a really long line to show that getline() will reallocate the line buffer if the length of a line is too long to fit in the buffer it has been given,
line[000010]: chars=000042, buf size=000160, contents:  and punctuation at the end of the lines.
line[000011]: chars=000001, buf size=000160, contents: 

在该示例中，最初调用 getline() 时未分配缓冲区。在第一次调用期间，getline() 分配一个缓冲区，读取第一行并将该行的内容放在新缓冲区中。在后续调用中，getline() 更新相同的缓冲区，并且仅当缓冲区不再大到足以适合整条线时才重新分配缓冲区。完成文件后，将释放临时缓冲区。

另一种选择是 getdelim()。除了指定行结束字符外，这与 getline() 相同。仅当文件类型的行的最后一个字符不是’\ n’时才需要这样做。getline() 甚至与 Windows 文本文件一起工作，因为多字节行结束（"\r\n")’\ n’`仍然是该行的最后一个字符。

getline() 的示例实现

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdint.h>

#if !(defined _POSIX_C_SOURCE)
typedef long int ssize_t;
#endif

/* Only include our version of getline() if the POSIX version isn't available. */

#if !(defined _POSIX_C_SOURCE) || _POSIX_C_SOURCE < 200809L

#if !(defined SSIZE_MAX)
#define SSIZE_MAX (SIZE_MAX >> 1)
#endif

ssize_t getline(char **pline_buf, size_t *pn, FILE *fin)
{
  const size_t INITALLOC = 16;
  const size_t ALLOCSTEP = 16;
  size_t num_read = 0;

  /* First check that none of our input pointers are NULL. */
  if ((NULL == pline_buf) || (NULL == pn) || (NULL == fin))
  {
    errno = EINVAL;
    return -1;
  }

  /* If output buffer is NULL, then allocate a buffer. */
  if (NULL == *pline_buf)
  {
    *pline_buf = malloc(INITALLOC);
    if (NULL == *pline_buf)
    {
      /* Can't allocate memory. */
      return -1;
    }
    else
    {
      /* Note how big the buffer is at this time. */
      *pn = INITALLOC;
    }
  }

  /* Step through the file, pulling characters until either a newline or EOF. */

  {
    int c;
    while (EOF != (c = getc(fin)))
    {
      /* Note we read a character. */
      num_read++;

      /* Reallocate the buffer if we need more room */
      if (num_read >= *pn)
      {
        size_t n_realloc = *pn + ALLOCSTEP;
        char * tmp = realloc(*pline_buf, n_realloc + 1); /* +1 for the trailing NUL. */
        if (NULL != tmp)
        {
          /* Use the new buffer and note the new buffer size. */
          *pline_buf = tmp;
          *pn = n_realloc;
        }
        else
        {
          /* Exit with error and let the caller free the buffer. */
          return -1;
        }

        /* Test for overflow. */
        if (SSIZE_MAX < *pn)
        {
          errno = ERANGE;
          return -1;
        }
      }

      /* Add the character to the buffer. */
      (*pline_buf)[num_read - 1] = (char) c;

      /* Break from the loop if we hit the ending character. */
      if (c == '\n')
      {
        break;
      }
    }

    /* Note if we hit EOF. */
    if (EOF == c)
    {
      errno = 0;
      return -1;
    }
  }

  /* Terminate the string by suffixing NUL. */
  (*pline_buf)[num_read] = '\0';

  return (ssize_t) num_read;
}

#endif