有效的类型

数据对象的有效类型是与其关联的最后一种类型信息（如果有）。

// a normal variable, effective type uint32_t, and this type never changes
uint32_t a = 0.0;

// effective type of *pa is uint32_t, too, simply
// because *pa is the object a
uint32_t* pa = &a;

// the object pointed to by q has no effective type, yet
void* q = malloc(sizeof uint32_t);
// the object pointed to by q still has no effective type,
// because nobody has written to it
uint32_t* qb = q;
// *qb now has effective type uint32_t because a uint32_t value was written
*qb = 37;

// the object pointed to by r has no effective type, yet, although
// it is initialized
void* r = calloc(1, sizeof uint32_t);
// the object pointed to by r still has no effective type,
// because nobody has written to or read from it
uint32_t* rc = r;
// *rc now has effective type uint32_t because a value is read
// from it with that type. The read operation is valid because we used calloc.
// Now the object pointed to by r (which is the same as *rc) has
// gained an effective type, although we didn't change its value.
uint32_t c = *rc;

// the object pointed to by s has no effective type, yet.
void* s = malloc(sizeof uint32_t);
// the object pointed to by s now has effective type uint32_t
// because an uint32_t value is copied into it.
memcpy(s, r, sizeof uint32_t);

观察对于后者，我们甚至没有必要指向该对象的 uint32_t*指针。我们复制了另一个 uint32_t 对象这一事实就足够了。