使用 Objective-C 中的 NSURLSession 傳送帶有引數的 POST 請求

Created: November-22, 2018

編碼 POST 請求主體有兩種常用方法：URL 編碼（application / x-www-form-urlencoded）和表單資料（multipart / form-data）。大部分程式碼都很相似，但構建正文資料的方式卻不同。

使用 URL 編碼傳送請求

無論你是小型應用程式的伺服器，還是在擁有完整後端工程師的團隊中工作，你都希望通過 iOS 應用程式與該伺服器進行通訊。

在下面的程式碼中，我們將編寫一個引數字串，目標伺服器指令碼將根據你的情況使用這些引數來執行更改。例如，我們可能想要傳送字串：

名稱=布倫登和密碼= ABCDE

當使用者註冊你的應用程式時，伺服器可以將此資訊儲存在資料庫中。

讓我們開始吧。你將需要使用以下程式碼建立 NSURLSession POST 請求。

// Create the configuration, which is necessary so we can cancel cacheing amongst other things.
NSURLSessionConfiguration * defaultConfigObject = [NSURLSessionConfiguration defaultSessionConfiguration];
// Disables cacheing
defaultConfigObject.requestCachePolicy = NSURLRequestReloadIgnoringLocalCacheData;
NSURLSession * defaultSession = [NSURLSession sessionWithConfiguration:defaultConfigObject delegate:self delegateQueue:[NSOperationQueue mainQueue]];

NSString * scriptURL = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"https://server.io/api/script.php"];
//Converts the URL string to a URL usable by NSURLSession
NSMutableURLRequest * urlRequest = [NSMutableURLRequest requestWithURL:[NSURL URLWithString:scriptURL]];
NSString * postDataString = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"name=%@&password=%@", [self nameString], [self URLEncode:passwordString]];
[urlRequest setHTTPMethod:@"POST"];
[urlRequest setHTTPBody:[postDataString dataUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding]];

NSURLSessionDataTask * dataTask = [defaultSession dataTaskWithRequest:urlRequest];
// Fire the data task.
[dataTask resume];

上面的程式碼剛剛建立並向伺服器發出了 POST 請求。請記住，指令碼 URL 和 POST 資料字串會根據你的具體情況而變化。如果你正在閱讀本文，你將知道如何填充這些變數。

你還需要新增一個執行 URL 編碼的小方法：

- (NSString *)URLEncode:(NSString *)originalString encoding:(NSStringEncoding)encoding
{
    return (__bridge_transfer NSString *)CFURLCreateStringByAddingPercentEscapes(
        kCFAllocatorDefault,
        (__bridge CFStringRef)originalString,
        NULL,
        CFSTR(":/?#[]@!$&'()*+,;="),
        CFStringConvertNSStringEncodingToEncoding(encoding));
}

因此，當伺服器完成處理此資料後，它將返回你的 iOS 應用程式。所以我們需要處理這個返回，但是怎麼樣？

我們使用事件驅動程式設計並使用 NSURLSession 的委託方法。這意味著當伺服器發回響應時，這些方法將開始觸發。以下 5 種方法是在整個 ENTIRE 請求中觸發的方法，每次進行一次：

- (void)URLSession:(NSURLSession *)session dataTask:(NSURLSessionDataTask *)dataTask didReceiveResponse:(NSURLResponse *)response
 completionHandler:(void (^)(NSURLSessionResponseDisposition disposition))completionHandler;

- (void)URLSession:(NSURLSession *)session dataTask:(NSURLSessionDataTask *)dataTask didReceiveData:(NSData *)data;

- (void)URLSession:(NSURLSession *)session task:(NSURLSessionTask *)task didCompleteWithError:(NSError *)error;

- (void)URLSession:(NSURLSession *)session didReceiveChallenge:(NSURLAuthenticationChallenge *)challenge completionHandler:(void (^)(NSURLSessionAuthChallengeDisposition, NSURLCredential *))completionHandler;

- (void)URLSession:(NSURLSession *)session task:(NSURLSessionTask *)task didReceiveChallenge:(NSURLAuthenticationChallenge *)challenge completionHandler:(void (^)(NSURLSessionAuthChallengeDisposition, NSURLCredential * _Nullable))completionHandler;

你將在下面看到上下文中使用的上述方法。感謝 Apple，他們的每個目的都是非常明顯的，但我還是評論了他們的用途：

// Response handling delegates
- (void)URLSession:(NSURLSession *)session dataTask:(NSURLSessionDataTask *)dataTask didReceiveResponse:(NSURLResponse *)response
 completionHandler:(void (^)(NSURLSessionResponseDisposition disposition))completionHandler{
    // Handler allows us to receive and parse responses from the server
    completionHandler(NSURLSessionResponseAllow);
}

- (void)URLSession:(NSURLSession *)session dataTask:(NSURLSessionDataTask *)dataTask didReceiveData:(NSData *)data{

    // Parse the JSON that came in into an NSDictionary
    NSError * err = nil;
    NSDictionary * jsonDict = [NSJSONSerialization JSONObjectWithData:data options:NSJSONReadingAllowFragments error:&err];

    if (!err){ // if no error occurred, parse the array of objects as normal
        // Parse the JSON dictionary 'jsonDict' here
    }else{ // an error occurred so we need to let the user know
        // Handle your error here
    }
}

// Error handling delegate
- (void)URLSession:(NSURLSession *)session task:(NSURLSessionTask *)task didCompleteWithError:(NSError *)error{
    if(error == nil){
        // Download from API was successful
        NSLog(@"Data Network Request Did Complete Successfully.");
    }else{
        // Describes and logs the error preventing us from receiving a response
        NSLog(@"Error: %@", [error userInfo]);

        // Handle network error, letting the user know what happened.
    }
}

// When the session receives a challenge (because of iOS 9 App Transport Security blocking non-valid SSL certificates) we use the following methods to tell NSURLSession "Chill out, I can trust me".
// The following is not necessary unless your server is using HTTP, not HTTPS

- (void)URLSession:(NSURLSession *)session didReceiveChallenge:(NSURLAuthenticationChallenge *)challenge completionHandler:(void (^)(NSURLSessionAuthChallengeDisposition, NSURLCredential *))completionHandler{
    if([challenge.protectionSpace.authenticationMethod isEqualToString:NSURLAuthenticationMethodServerTrust]){
        if([challenge.protectionSpace.host isEqualToString:@"DomainNameOfServer.io"]){
            NSURLCredential * credential = [NSURLCredential credentialForTrust:challenge.protectionSpace.serverTrust];
            completionHandler(NSURLSessionAuthChallengeUseCredential,credential);
        }
    }
}

- (void)URLSession:(NSURLSession *)session task:(NSURLSessionTask *)task didReceiveChallenge:(NSURLAuthenticationChallenge *)challenge completionHandler:(void (^)(NSURLSessionAuthChallengeDisposition, NSURLCredential * _Nullable))completionHandler{
    if([challenge.protectionSpace.authenticationMethod isEqualToString:NSURLAuthenticationMethodServerTrust]){
        if([challenge.protectionSpace.host isEqualToString:@"DomainNameOfServer.io"]){
            NSURLCredential * credential = [NSURLCredential credentialForTrust:challenge.protectionSpace.serverTrust];
            completionHandler(NSURLSessionAuthChallengeUseCredential,credential);
        }
    }
}

就是這樣了！這就是你在 iOS 9 中傳送，接收和解析 API 請求所需的所有程式碼！好的……這是很多程式碼。但如果像上面那樣正確實施，它將是失敗安全的！確保始終處理上面建議的錯誤。

使用表單編碼傳送請求

URL 編碼是一種廣泛相容的編碼任意資料的方法。但是，上傳二進位制資料（如照片）的效率相對較低，因為每個非 ASCII 位元組都會變為三字元程式碼。它也不支援檔案附件，因此你必須將檔名和檔案資料作為單獨的欄位傳遞。

假設我們想以有效的方式上傳照片，實際上看起來像伺服器端的檔案。一種方法是使用表單編碼。為此，請編輯建立 NSURLSession 的程式碼，如下所示：

UIImage * imgToSend;

// 2nd parameter of UIImageJPEGRepresentation represents compression quality. 0 being most compressed, 1 being the least
// Using 0.4 likely stops us hitting the servers upload limit and costs us less server space
NSData * imageData = UIImageJPEGRepresentation(imgToSend, 0.4f);

// Alternatively, if the photo is on disk, you can retrieve it with
// [NSData dataWithContentsOfURL:...]

// Set up the body of the POST request.

// This boundary serves as a separator between one form field and the next.
// It must not appear anywhere within the actual data that you intend to
// upload.
NSString * boundary = @"---------------------------14737809831466499882746641449";

// Body of the POST method
NSMutableData * body = [NSMutableData data];

// The body must start with the boundary preceded by two hyphens, followed
// by a carriage return and newline pair.
//
// Notice that we prepend two additional hyphens to the boundary when
// we actually use it as part of the body data.
//
[body appendData:[[NSString stringWithFormat:@"\r\n--%@\r\n",boundary] dataUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding]];

// This is followed by a series of headers for the first field and then
// TWO CR-LF pairs.
[body appendData:[[NSString stringWithFormat:@"Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"tag_name\"\r\n\r\n"] dataUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding]];

// Next is the actual data for that field (called "tag_name") followed by
// a CR-LF pair, a boundary, and another CR-LF pair.
[body appendData:[strippedCompanyName dataUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding]];
[body appendData:[[NSString stringWithFormat:@"\r\n--%@\r\n", boundary] dataUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding]];

// Encode the filename and image data as the "userfile" CGI parameter.
// This is similar to the previous field, except that it is being sent
// as an actual file attachment rather than a blob of data, which means
// it has both a filename and the actual file contents.
//
// IMPORTANT: The filename MUST be plain ASCII (and if encoded like this,
//            must not include quotation marks in the filename).
//
NSString * picFileName = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"photoName"];
NSString * appendDataString = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"userfile\"; filename=\"%@.jpg\"\r\n", picFileName];
[body appendData:[appendDataString dataUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding]];
[body appendData:[@"Content-Type: application/octet-stream\r\n\r\n" dataUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding]];
[body appendData:[NSData dataWithData:imageData]];

// Close the request body with one last boundary with two
// additional hyphens prepended **and** two additional hyphens appended.
[body appendData:[[NSString stringWithFormat:@"\r\n--%@--\r\n", boundary] dataUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding]];

// Create the session
// We can use the delegate to track upload progress and disable cacheing
NSURLSessionConfiguration * defaultConfigObject = [NSURLSessionConfiguration defaultSessionConfiguration];
defaultConfigObject.requestCachePolicy = NSURLRequestReloadIgnoringLocalCacheData;
NSURLSession * defaultSession = [NSURLSession sessionWithConfiguration: defaultConfigObject delegate: self delegateQueue: [NSOperationQueue mainQueue]];

// Data uploading task.
NSURL * url = [NSURL URLWithString:@"https://server.io/api/script.php"];
NSMutableURLRequest * request = [NSMutableURLRequest requestWithURL:url];
NSString * contentType = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"multipart/form-data; boundary=%@",boundary];
[request addValue:contentType forHTTPHeaderField:@"Content-Type"];
request.HTTPMethod = @"POST";
request.HTTPBody = body;
NSURLSessionDataTask * uploadTask = [defaultSession dataTaskWithRequest:request];
[uploadTask resume];

這就像以前一樣建立並觸發 NSURLSession 請求，因此委託方法的行為方式完全相同。確保將影象傳送到的指令碼（位於變數 url 中的 url）期望影象並且可以正確解析它。