SQL CROSS JOIN 操作
在本教程中,你将学习如何使用 SQL 交叉连接从两个表中获取数据。
使用交叉连接
如果在连接两个表时未指定连接条件,则数据库系统会将第一个表中的每一行与第二个表中的每一行组合在一起。这种类型的连接称为交叉连接或笛卡尔积。以下维恩图说明了交叉连接的工作原理。
为了便于理解,让我们看看以下 employees 和 departments 表。
Table: employees
+--------+--------------+------------+---------+
| emp_id | emp_name | hire_date | dept_id |
+--------+--------------+------------+---------+
| 1 | Ethan Hunt | 2001-05-01 | 4 |
| 2 | Tony Montana | 2002-07-15 | 1 |
| 3 | Sarah Connor | 2005-10-18 | 5 |
| 4 | Rick Deckard | 2007-01-03 | 3 |
| 5 | Martin Blank | 2008-06-24 | NULL |
+--------+--------------+------------+---------+
Table: departments
+---------+------------------+
| dept_id | dept_name |
+---------+------------------+
| 1 | Administration |
| 2 | Customer Service |
| 3 | Finance |
| 4 | Human Resources |
| 5 | Sales |
+---------+------------------+
交叉连接中的行数是每个表中行数的乘积。这是一个交叉连接操作的简单示例。
SELECT t1.emp_id, t1.emp_name, t1.hire_date, t2.dept_name
FROM employees AS t1 CROSS JOIN departments AS t2;
提示: 交叉连接创建一个笛卡尔积或一个表中所有行的乘法与另一个表中的所有行。因此,例如,如果一个表有 5 行而另一个表有 10 行,则交叉连接查询将生成 50 行,即 5 和 10 的乘积。
执行上面的命令后,你得到如下结果集:
+--------+--------------+------------+------------------+
| emp_id | emp_name | hire_date | dept_name |
+--------+--------------+------------+------------------+
| 1 | Ethan Hunt | 2001-05-01 | Administration |
| 2 | Tony Montana | 2002-07-15 | Administration |
| 3 | Sarah Connor | 2005-10-18 | Administration |
| 4 | Rick Deckard | 2007-01-03 | Administration |
| 5 | Martin Blank | 2008-06-24 | Administration |
| 1 | Ethan Hunt | 2001-05-01 | Customer Service |
| 2 | Tony Montana | 2002-07-15 | Customer Service |
| 3 | Sarah Connor | 2005-10-18 | Customer Service |
| 4 | Rick Deckard | 2007-01-03 | Customer Service |
| 5 | Martin Blank | 2008-06-24 | Customer Service |
| 1 | Ethan Hunt | 2001-05-01 | Finance |
| 2 | Tony Montana | 2002-07-15 | Finance |
| 3 | Sarah Connor | 2005-10-18 | Finance |
| 4 | Rick Deckard | 2007-01-03 | Finance |
| 5 | Martin Blank | 2008-06-24 | Finance |
| 1 | Ethan Hunt | 2001-05-01 | Human Resources |
| 2 | Tony Montana | 2002-07-15 | Human Resources |
| 3 | Sarah Connor | 2005-10-18 | Human Resources |
| 4 | Rick Deckard | 2007-01-03 | Human Resources |
| 5 | Martin Blank | 2008-06-24 | Human Resources |
| 1 | Ethan Hunt | 2001-05-01 | Sales |
| 2 | Tony Montana | 2002-07-15 | Sales |
| 3 | Sarah Connor | 2005-10-18 | Sales |
| 4 | Rick Deckard | 2007-01-03 | Sales |
| 5 | Martin Blank | 2008-06-24 | Sales |
+--------+--------------+------------+------------------+
正如你所看到的,交叉连接不如前面章节中介绍的其他连接有用。由于查询未指定连接条件,因此 employees
表中的每一行都与 departments 表中的每一行组合在一起。因此,除非你确定要笛卡尔积,否则不要使用交叉连接。