将闭包传递给函数
函数可以接受闭包(或其他函数)作为参数:
func foo(value: Double, block: () -> Void) { ... }
func foo(value: Double, block: Int -> Int) { ... }
func foo(value: Double, block: (Int, Int) -> String) { ... }
尾随闭包语法
如果函数的最后一个参数是闭包,则可以在函数调用之后写入闭包括号 {
/ }
:
foo(3.5, block: { print("Hello") })
foo(3.5) { print("Hello") }
dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue(), {
print("Hello from the main queue")
})
dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue()) {
print("Hello from the main queue")
}
如果函数的唯一参数是闭包,则在使用尾随闭包语法调用它时,也可以省略一对括号 ()
:
func bar(block: () -> Void) { ... }
bar() { print("Hello") }
bar { print("Hello") }
@noescape
参数
标记为 @noescape
的闭包参数保证在函数调用返回之前执行,因此在闭包体内不需要使用 self.
:
func executeNow(@noescape block: () -> Void) {
// Since `block` is @noescape, it's illegal to store it to an external variable.
// We can only call it right here.
block()
}
func executeLater(block: () -> Void) {
dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue()) {
// Some time in the future...
block()
}
}
class MyClass {
var x = 0
func showExamples() {
// error: reference to property 'x' in closure requires explicit 'self.' to make capture semantics explicit
executeLater { x = 1 }
executeLater { self.x = 2 } // ok, the closure explicitly captures self
// Here "self." is not required, because executeNow() takes a @noescape block.
executeNow { x = 3 }
// Again, self. is not required, because map() uses @noescape.
[1, 2, 3].map { $0 + x }
}
}
Swift 3 注:
请注意,在 Swift 3 中,你不再将块标记为 @noescape。现在,块默认情况下不会转义。在 Swift 3 中,不是将闭包标记为非转义,而是使用“@escaping”关键字标记一个转义闭包的函数参数。
throws
和 rethrows
与其他函数一样,闭包可能会抛出错误 :
func executeNowOrIgnoreError(block: () throws -> Void) {
do {
try block()
} catch {
print("error: \(error)")
}
}
当然,该函数可以将错误传递给其调用者:
func executeNowOrThrow(block: () throws -> Void) throws {
try block()
}
但是,如果传入的块没有抛出,则调用者仍然使用 throw 函数:
// It's annoying that this requires "try", because "print()" can't throw!
try executeNowOrThrow { print("Just printing, no errors here!") }
解决方案是 rethrows
,它指定函数只能在其闭包参数抛出时抛出 :
func executeNowOrRethrow(block: () throws -> Void) rethrows {
try block()
}
// "try" is not required here, because the block can't throw an error.
executeNowOrRethrow { print("No errors are thrown from this closure") }
// This block can throw an error, so "try" is required.
try executeNowOrRethrow { throw MyError.Example }
许多标准库函数使用 rethrows
,包括 map()
,filter()
和 indexOf()
。