工厂模式

工厂模式解耦对象创建，并允许使用通用接口按名称创建：

class Animal{
public:
    virtual std::shared_ptr<Animal> clone() const = 0;
    virtual std::string  getname() const = 0;
};

class Bear: public Animal{
public:
    virtual std::shared_ptr<Animal> clone() const override
    {
        return std::make_shared<Bear>(*this);
    }
    virtual std::string getname() const override
    {
        return "bear";
    }
};

class Cat: public Animal{
public:
    virtual std::shared_ptr<Animal> clone() const override
    {
        return std::make_shared<Cat>(*this);
    }
    virtual std::string  getname() const override
    {
        return "cat";
    }
};

class AnimalFactory{
public:
    static std::shared_ptr<Animal> getAnimal( const std::string&   name )
    {
      if ( name == "bear" )
        return std::make_shared<Bear>();
      if ( name == "cat" )
        return std::shared_ptr<Cat>();
     
    return nullptr;
    }

};