多线程访问

原子类型可用于安全地读取和写入两个线程之间共享的内存位置。

一个可能导致数据竞争的错误示例：

#include <thread>
#include <iostream>

//function will add all values including and between 'a' and 'b' to 'result'
void add(int a, int b, int * result) {
    for (int i = a; i <= b; i++) {
        *result += i;
    }
}

int main() {
    //a primitive data type has no thread safety
    int shared = 0;

    //create a thread that may run parallel to the 'main' thread
    //the thread will run the function 'add' defined above with paramters a = 1, b = 100, result = &shared
    //analogous to 'add(1,100, &shared);'
    std::thread addingThread(add, 1, 100, &shared);

    //attempt to print the value of 'shared' to console
    //main will keep repeating this until the addingThread becomes joinable
    while (!addingThread.joinable()) {
        //this may cause undefined behavior or print a corrupted value
        //if the addingThread tries to write to 'shared' while the main thread is reading it
        std::cout << shared << std::endl;  
    }

    //rejoin the thread at the end of execution for cleaning purposes
    addingThread.join();
    
    return 0;
}

上面的示例可能会导致读取损坏，并可能导致未定义的行为。

线程安全的一个例子：

#include <atomic>
#include <thread>
#include <iostream>

    //function will add all values including and between 'a' and 'b' to 'result'
void add(int a, int b, std::atomic<int> * result) {
    for (int i = a; i <= b; i++) {
        //atomically add 'i' to result
        result->fetch_add(i);
    }
}

int main() {
    //atomic template used to store non-atomic objects
    std::atomic<int> shared = 0;

    //create a thread that may run parallel to the 'main' thread
    //the thread will run the function 'add' defined above with paramters a = 1, b = 100, result = &shared
    //analogous to 'add(1,100, &shared);'
    std::thread addingThread(add, 1, 10000, &shared);

    //print the value of 'shared' to console
    //main will keep repeating this until the addingThread becomes joinable
    while (!addingThread.joinable()) {
        //safe way to read the value of shared atomically for thread safe read
        std::cout << shared.load() << std::endl;  
    }

    //rejoin the thread at the end of execution for cleaning purposes
    addingThread.join();
    
    return 0;
}

上面的例子是安全的，因为 atomic 数据类型的所有 store() 和 load() 操作都保护封装的 int 免于同时访问。